Exponentiation with a precomputed inverse

These functions compute a^e \bmod n for a reduced base a < n and a word-size modulus n, using the ulong inverse from n_preinvert_limb (n_powmod2 computes it itself). They differ in the type of the exponent: slong for n_powmod2_preinv and n_powmod2, where a negative e computes a power of a^{-1} \bmod n; ulong for the full unsigned range; and fmpz_t for nonnegative exponents of any size. The functions with a double inverse (n_powmod_precomp and its relatives) are documented separately.

By convention a^0 = 1 (also for a = 0), reduced modulo n, so the result is 0 when n = 1.

Normalised moduli#

n_powmod_ui_preinv works like n_mulmod_preinv: the modulus is shifted left until its top bit is set, and the base is shifted by the same number of bits s. For any n, n_powmod_ui_preinv(a << s, e, n << s, ninv, s) >> s equals n_powmod2_ui_preinv(a, e, n, ninv), where s is the number of leading zero bits of n; n_powmod2_preinv is implemented this way. Calling it directly saves the shifts when the operands are already kept in shifted form.

Algorithm#

Right-to-left binary exponentiation: the base is squared once for each bit of the exponent below the top bit, and multiplied into the result once for each set bit after the lowest. Each step is one modular multiplication with a Möller–Granlund reduction, so the cost is at most 2 \log_2 e modular multiplications.

Example#

#include <flint/flint.h>
#include <flint/ulong_extras.h>

int main(void)
{
    ulong n = 1000003, ninv = n_preinvert_limb(n);
    ulong x, norm;

    /* Fermat: 2^(n-1) = 1 mod n for prime n */
    flint_printf("2^(n-1) mod n = %wu\n", n_powmod2_preinv(2, n - 1, n, ninv));

    /* a negative exponent gives a modular inverse */
    x = n_powmod2_preinv(3, -1, n, ninv);
    flint_printf("3^-1 mod n = %wu, check: %wu\n", x, n_mulmod2_preinv(3, x, n, ninv));

    /* n_powmod_ui_preinv works with the shifted (normalised) modulus */
    norm = flint_clz(n);
    x = n_powmod_ui_preinv(UWORD(5) << norm, 1000, n << norm, ninv, norm) >> norm;
    flint_printf("5^1000 mod n = %wu = %wu\n", x, n_powmod2_ui_preinv(5, 1000, n, ninv));
    return 0;
}

2^(n-1) mod n = 1
3^-1 mod n = 666669, check: 1
5^1000 mod n = 463979 = 463979