Multiplying limb arrays

flint_mpn_mul, flint_mpn_mul_n and flint_mpn_sqr are FLINT's replacements for GMP's mpn_mul, mpn_mul_n and mpn_sqr, with the same interface except for the order requirement of flint_mpn_mul (\mathit{xn} \ge \mathit{yn}) and the returned top limb. They are faster than GMP's functions at both ends of the size range: for short operands because of hand-written assembly routines for each size, and for long operands because of the small-prime FFT of fft_small. flint_mpn_mul_shared computes two products with a common factor.

Algorithm selection#

The functions are inline. On x86-64 with the ADX and BMI2 instructions (Broadwell and later, Zen and later) and on ARM64, products of short operands are computed by calling one routine from a table of hard-coded assembly kernels, with no further dispatch:

On machines without FLINT assembly the table holds portable C code. The ARM64 kernels are indexed by the shorter length and loop over the longer operand, so they serve any \mathit{xn}. Beyond the table, _flint_mpn_mul uses, in order:

1. mpn_mul_1 if \mathit{yn} = 1 (on ARM64 also flint_mpn_mul_2 if \mathit{yn} = 2); on machines without FLINT assembly, GMP's mpn_mul_basecase for \mathit{xn} \le 16;
2. on x86-64 with ADX and on ARM64, flint_mpn_mul_toom22 (Karatsuba recursing into the assembly kernels) if the operands are nearly balanced, 5\,\mathit{yn} \ge 4\,\mathit{xn}, and \mathit{yn} is at most 230 (x86-64) or 483 (ARM64);
3. GMP's mpn_mul (Toom–Cook) below the FFT range;
4. the FFT: mpn_mul_default_mpn_ctx from fft_small if available, and otherwise the Schönhage–Strassen FFT of the fft module (flint_mpn_mul_fft_main, from FLINT_FFT_MUL_THRESHOLD limbs).

With fft_small and the threshold T = FLINT_FFT_SMALL_MUL_THRESHOLD (1000 limbs in the generic flint-mparam.h, between 240 and 1000 limbs in the machine-specific ones), the FFT is used when \mathit{yn} \ge T, and for unbalanced operands already when \mathit{xn} + \mathit{yn} > 2T and \mathit{yn} > T/3: the cost of GMP's multiplication grows like (\mathit{xn}/\mathit{yn}) M(\mathit{yn}) while that of the FFT depends on \mathit{xn} + \mathit{yn}. _flint_mpn_mul_n follows the same steps, and _flint_mpn_sqr uses GMP's mpn_sqr below FLINT_FFT_SMALL_SQR_THRESHOLD and the FFT above.

Shared operands#

flint_mpn_mul_shared computes ax and bx. With fft_small, when _flint_mpn_mul_shared_use_fft says so, it calls _fft_small_mpn_mul_shared, which transforms x once and uses the transform for both products; otherwise it makes two calls to flint_mpn_mul. With T = FLINT_MPN_MUL_SHARED_THRESHOLD (by default the fft_small multiplication threshold), the shared transform is used when the longer product (by \max(\mathit{an}, \mathit{bn})) satisfies the FFT rule of flint_mpn_mul above with threshold T and the shorter product satisfies it with threshold T/2: once the longer product is transformed, the shorter one costs about its share of the transforms and need not reach the FFT range on its own. This is used for instance by the Chinese remaindering trees of Multimodular reduction and Chinese remaindering, where each node is multiplied by two cofactors.

Example#

The product of two 2000-limb numbers (in the fft_small range) agrees with GMP's, and a shared product agrees with two separate ones:

#include <gmp.h>
#include <flint/flint.h>
#include <flint/mpn_extras.h>

#define N 2000

int main(void)
{
    flint_rand_t state;
    mp_limb_t x[N], y[N], a[N / 2], z[2 * N], w[2 * N], z1[2 * N], z2[2 * N];

    flint_rand_init(state);
    flint_mpn_urandomb(x, state, N * FLINT_BITS);
    flint_mpn_urandomb(y, state, N * FLINT_BITS);
    flint_mpn_urandomb(a, state, N / 2 * FLINT_BITS);

    flint_mpn_mul_n(z, x, y, N);
    mpn_mul_n(w, x, y, N);
    flint_printf("mul_n agrees with GMP: %d\n", mpn_cmp(z, w, 2 * N) == 0);

    flint_mpn_sqr(z, x, N);
    mpn_sqr(w, x, N);
    flint_printf("sqr agrees with GMP: %d\n", mpn_cmp(z, w, 2 * N) == 0);

    /* z1 = y x and z2 = a x with one transform of x */
    flint_mpn_mul_shared(z1, y, N, z2, a, N / 2, x, N);
    flint_printf("shared transform: %d\n", _flint_mpn_mul_shared_use_fft(N, N / 2, N));
    flint_mpn_mul_n(z, y, x, N);
    flint_mpn_mul(w, x, N, a, N / 2);
    flint_printf("shared products agree: %d\n",
        mpn_cmp(z1, z, 2 * N) == 0 && mpn_cmp(z2, w, 3 * N / 2) == 0);

    flint_rand_clear(state);
    return 0;
}

mul_n agrees with GMP: 1
sqr agrees with GMP: 1
shared transform: 1
shared products agree: 1